Supremasi Al-Qur'an Sebagai Sumber Hukum Islam: Landasan Teologis, Hierarki Normatif, dan Implikasi Bagi Ijtihad Modern

Abstract

The Qur'an occupies the highest position in the hierarchy of Islamic legal sources, yet the academic literature in Indonesia often discusses its primacy descriptively without rigorously analyzing the theological foundations, normative structure, and contemporary implications of this supremacy. This study aims to analyze the theological basis of the Qur'an's supremacy as the primary source of Islamic law, examine its normative hierarchy in relation to the Sunnah, ijma', and qiyas, and assess its implications for contemporary ijtihad. The research employs a library research method with a normative-analytical approach, drawing on primary sources including Qur'anic texts, prophetic traditions, and classical works of usul al-fiqh, supplemented by contemporary Islamic legal scholarship. Three major findings emerge. First, the Qur'an's supremacy is grounded in three theological pillars: its divine origin as direct revelation (wahyu), its linguistic inimitability (i'jaz al-Qur'an), and the explicit Qur'anic command to return all disputed matters to Allah and His Messenger (QS. An-Nisa: 59). Second, the Qur'an functions as the mashdar al-awwal in a four-tier normative hierarchy, with its provisions classified into qath'i (definitive) and zhanni (interpretable) categories that determine the scope of ijtihad. Third, the Qur'an's deliberate use of general ('amm) and principle-level (kulli) provisions, rather than exhaustive specificity, provides the structural flexibility that enables Islamic law to respond to changing circumstances through maqashid al-shariah-oriented jurisprudence. The article concludes that understanding the Qur'an's normative supremacy is not merely a doctrinal affirmation but a jurisprudential necessity for productive contemporary ijtihad.